Everything built for the Kashmiri language, in one place
Kashmiri research is scattered across arXiv, HuggingFace, government portals and university PDFs — which makes it hard to know what already exists, and easy to rebuild something twice. This is a single, tracked catalogue of 205 datasets, papers, models, tools and the groups behind them, spanning 1932–2026.
Where the effort is going
Resource count by task. The long tail is the interesting part — it shows which problems in Kashmiri NLP are still essentially untouched.
Anatomy of Decoder-Only LLM Failure in Low-Resource Machine Translation
Best Paper at ICRTC-2026. First quantified tokenizer fertility analysis for Kashmiri (4.06x overhead), a sharp cross-lingual transfer threshold near 30K pairs, and a deployable source-constrained decoding strategy worth +12.75 BLEU without retraining. Compares QLoRA Mistral-7B against NLLB-200 and IndicTrans2 on a 124,102-pair corpus.
Bolbosh — Kashmiri TTS
Script-aware flow-matching TTS purpose-built for Kashmiri, with a 272-grapheme vocabulary covering the language's diacritics and vowel distinctions. Current state of the art for Kashmiri speech synthesis at MOS 3.63.
Bolbosh: Script-Aware Flow Matching for Kashmiri Text-to-Speech
A new benchmark for Kashmiri speech synthesis. Uses Optimal Transport Conditional Flow Matching within a Matcha-TTS architecture, expanding the vocabulary to 272 graphemes to model Kashmiri diacritics and fine-grained vowel distinctions explicitly. Achieves MOS 3.63 and MCD 3.73, substantially outperforming multilingual baselines.
HNM Research — Haq Nawaz Malik
The most prolific single contributor to Kashmiri NLP data in 2026, with six arXiv papers covering KS-LIT-3M, KS-PRET-5M, 600K-KS-OCR, Koshur Pixel, Koshur Diacritizer and SynthOCR-Gen. Publishes datasets openly on HuggingFace as 'Omarrran'.
Kashmir AI Research
This platform. Kashmiri→English machine translation research, a human evaluation platform for Kashmiri MT, a live Kashmiri→English translator, and this resource hub — built to give Kashmiri NLP a single home.
Koshur Pixel: A Large-Scale Synthetic OCR Dataset for Kashmiri
First large-scale synthetic OCR dataset for Kashmiri: 613,078 image-text pairs generated from the KS-PRET-5M corpus using the SynthOCR-Gen framework. Spans multiple fonts and granularities from single words to full-page documents, with 25+ augmentation strategies emulating real-world document degradation.
KS-PRET-5M — 5M Word Kashmiri Pretraining Corpus
5 million words / 12 million tokens of Kashmiri text recovered from professionally typeset InPage Nastaliq archives. The largest and highest-fidelity Kashmiri pretraining corpus published to date, and the source corpus behind Koshur Pixel.
KS-PRET-5M: A 5 Million Word, 12 Million Token Kashmiri Pretraining Dataset
Successor to KS-LIT-3M. A 5-million-word, 12-million-token Kashmiri pretraining corpus recovered largely from professionally typeset InPage archives in Nastaliq script — the highest-quality stratum currently available for Kashmiri NLP.
100 Shruk Speech-to-Text Dataset
Recordings of traditional Kashmiri shruks paired with Kashmiri-script transcriptions and thematic tags (99 samples), for training and evaluating Kashmiri ASR.
600K-KS-OCR: A Synthetic Corpus for Kashmiri Script Recognition
Introduces a 602K-word synthetic OCR dataset for Kashmiri in three typefaces (Naskh, Nastaleeq, Nakash). Evaluates CRNN and TrOCR architectures for Perso-Arabic script.
A Baseline Optical Character Recognition Framework for Printed Kashmiri Nastaliq Text Using Deep Learning
Baseline OCR for printed Kashmiri Nastaliq: the open-source Kraken engine, transferred from a pre-trained Arabic model and fine-tuned on synthetically rendered Kashmiri lines. Reports 68% character accuracy on real-world text.
BharatSetu-22Indic-1M
The bharatSetu table on Hugging Face: 984,764 English sentences with machine translations in 22 Indian languages including Kashmiri. Machine-generated, not human-verified; access requires accepting the repository's conditions.
bharatSetu: A 1M × 22 Bridge for Indic Translation
984,764 English sentences machine-translated into all 22 scheduled Indian languages, Kashmiri included, as one row-aligned table so any two columns form a translation pair. The authors state the data is machine-generated and not human-verified, and report no quality scores yet.
BhartiOCR
Synthetic OCR and document benchmark: 13.25M image–text pairs across 23 South Asian languages and 12 writing systems, as WebDataset shards. Includes Kashmiri.
BhashaVerse (OneNMT v3b)
1.1B-parameter multilingual seq2seq model translating among 35 Indian languages and English (36×36 pairs), converted from fairseq to Hugging Face MBart format. Model release of the BhashaVerse paper.
Bolbosh — TTS code
Open-source code for Bolbosh, the Kashmiri text-to-speech framework from Gaash Lab, NIT Srinagar.
Bolbosh Kashmiri TTS Dataset — Gaash Lab
About 40,000 Kashmiri utterances with transcripts (33,182 train, 4,542 validation, 2,272 test) curated from IndicVoices-R and RASA for text-to-speech; the training data behind Bolbosh. Mostly spontaneous speech; the RASA part keeps its original licence.
Chaashini
Continuously growing corpus of clean, single-speaker, studio-grade speech in 33 Indian languages (about 2,955 hours), each clip passed through a multi-stage quality gate. Includes Kashmiri.
COILD Benchmark v1
Indic-to-Indic MT test set: 40 directions, 21 languages, 2,000 sentence pairs per direction, translated directly between Indian languages. Includes Hindi–Kashmiri.
COILD Hindi→Kashmiri (NLLB-600M)
NLLB-200-distilled-600M fine-tuned for single-direction Hindi (hin_Deva) → Kashmiri (kas_Arab) translation.
COILD Hindi↔Kashmiri (IndicTrans2-320M)
Bidirectional Hindi↔Kashmiri model fine-tuned from IndicTrans2 Indic-Indic distilled 320M, shipped in CTranslate2 format.
COILD Kashmiri→Hindi (NLLB-600M)
NLLB-200-distilled-600M fine-tuned for single-direction Kashmiri (kas_Arab) → Hindi (hin_Deva) translation.
COILD Multilingual Translation (mul-mt)
IIT Patna COILD model for direct Indic-to-Indic translation in 40 directions across 21 languages, including Kashmiri (kas_Arab), without pivoting through English.
COILD-MT Corpus — Hindi↔Kashmiri
Indic-centric parallel corpus and benchmark from the COILD project, with a Hindi–Kashmiri section and test files. Non-commercial research use; access needs the COILD request form plus the Hugging Face request.
COILD: An Indic-Centric Parallel Corpus and Benchmark for Machine Translation Across Indian Languages
Paper describing COILD: over 1.16 million human-translated and human-verified sentence pairs across 20 Indian language pairs and eight domains, translated directly between Indian languages, including Hindi–Kashmiri.
English–Kashmiri 1M Machine Translations (HNM)
About 985K English sentences with machine-translated Kashmiri, the Kashmiri column of bharatSetu. The card does not name the translation model or a licence; gated.
Gemini 3.8 Flash TTS — Kashmiri
Google's Gemini text-to-speech model lists Kashmiri in both Perso-Arabic and Devanagari script.
Indic DiarBench
Joint diarization and ASR benchmark: about 108 hours of natural multi-speaker conversation across the 22 scheduled languages, with human-corrected, speaker-attributed transcripts. Includes Kashmiri.
Indic Multilingual Educational Glossary
6,870 English school-curriculum headwords (maths, sciences, geography, social studies) with community translations into up to 22 Indian languages, compiled from SCERT Telangana textbooks.
Kaeshir Dictionary data
Open English–Kashmiri lexical database behind the Kaeshir Dictionary: 28,718 words drawn from Sheeba Hassan, Grierson and curated collections, 2,919 of them with audio pronunciations. Installable via pip (`pip install kashmiri`).
Kashmir AI Research NLLB-600M Kashmiri→English (CTranslate2)
NLLB-200 600M fine-tuned by Kashmir AI Research on 93K BPCC Kashmiri-English pairs and exported to CTranslate2 int8. It powers the translator at kashmirairesearch.online/translate.
Kashmiri News Articles Text Dataset (HNM)
Kashmiri news article text released by HNM for language-model training. Access requires the author's approval.
Kashmiri POS Tagger (XLM-RoBERTa)
A part-of-speech tagger for Kashmiri fine-tuned from XLM-RoBERTa.
Kashmiri Tokenizers (HNM)
Kashmiri subword and word tokenizers (BPE, Unigram, WordPiece, word- and character-level) released by HNM.
Kashmiri–English Translator (NLLB-200, merged)
NLLB-200-distilled-600M with an English–Kashmiri (Perso-Arabic) LoRA adapter merged in, trained on the NLLB-Seed Kashmiri subset; loads with plain transformers.
KashmiriNormalizer
Python library that standardises Kashmiri Perso-Arabic text: character variants, punctuation spacing and digits. The KATHE 2026 shared task normalised outputs with it before scoring.
KATHE 2026 — English→Kashmiri Translation Challenge Data
Data for KATHE 2026, the national English→Kashmiri machine translation challenge on Kaggle organised by Gaash Lab, NIT Srinagar, with the Bureau of Indian Standards and the University of Kashmir. The test set is 1,730 short everyday English sentences with hidden Kashmiri references, scored by the geometric mean of BLEU and chrF++; 38 teams took part. The finale was held at NIT Srinagar on 21 August 2026.
KATHE 2026 Diacritic Restorer + Lexicon
A 3.3M-parameter character-level restorer and a 48K-form lexicon that put short vowels (zabar, zer, pesh) back into machine-translated Kashmiri. Restoration was the team's largest single gain in KATHE 2026. Weights: Aju360/kathe-r11-restorer.
KATHE 2026 English→Kashmiri (IndicTrans2 1B fine-tune)
Fine-tune of IndicTrans2 En→Indic 1B for English→Kashmiri (kas_Arab) from the KATHE 2026 shared task, with inference scripts, decoding sweeps and a list of what did not work.
KATHE 2026 English→Kashmiri (NLLB-600M)
NLLB-200-distilled-600M fine-tuned on BPCC for English→Kashmiri (kas_Arab) translation in the KATHE 2026 competition.
Kong Posh — Gemma 3n Kashmiri Adapter
Rank-256 LoRA adapter continuing Google's Gemma 3n E4B on about 30 million tokens of Kashmiri-labelled text. A base-model continuation adapter for research, not a chat or instruction model.
Koshur Diacritizer
Byte-level sequence-to-sequence model that restores omitted diacritics in Kashmiri text — a necessary preprocessing step for TTS, and for any task where vowel distinctions carry meaning.
Koshur Diacritizer: A Byte-Level Seq2Seq Model for Kashmiri Diacritic Restoration
Byte-level sequence-to-sequence model for restoring diacritics in Kashmiri text. Diacritic restoration is critical for Kashmiri because the language's ~16 vowel distinctions are carried by diacritics that are frequently omitted in written text.
Koshur Pixel — 613K Synthetic OCR Pairs
613,078 synthetic image-text pairs for Kashmiri OCR, spanning multiple fonts and granularities from individual words to full pages, with 25+ augmentation strategies simulating real document degradation.
Koshur-JibDiacritizer-152M — Kashmiri Diacritic Restorer
Character-level Transformer trained from scratch on 244K Kashmiri lines (BPCC and IndicVoices transcripts) that adds vowel marks to unmarked Perso-Arabic Kashmiri without changing letters. Built as the second stage after Koshur-Sarvam-4B; the author reports it beating the HNM ByT5 diacritizers on the same drafts.
koshur-kouter ks-en v1 (HNM)
A Kashmiri→English translation model released by HNM.
Koshur-OCR (KashlabsAI)
An OCR model for Kashmiri script from KashlabsAI.
Koshur-OCR-Synth
Large synthetic Kashmiri OCR dataset: clean text-line images rendered in Kashmiri Nastaliq and Naskh fonts, each paired with its exact Unicode transcription.
Koshur-Sarvam-4B — English→Kashmiri Translator
Sarvam-Translate 4B fully fine-tuned on 108K human English–Kashmiri pairs (BPCC seed, NLLB-Seed, BPCC-Daily), paired with a separate diacritizer. Reports the highest KATHE score among the systems its author evaluated (mean 14.91 vs 12.90 for Sarvam-Translate), scored by the author on IN22, SMOL and FLORES. English→Kashmiri only; also licensed under the Gemma Terms of Use; 4-bit version runs in about 3 GB.
KoshurAI Tarjuma v2
A community Kashmiri translation model.
KoshurOCR-CRNN Baseline
Two-stage Kashmiri OCR pipeline: a YOLOv8 detector segments words and a ResNet-34 + BiLSTM + CTC network reads them, to avoid the drift of single-pass Nastaliq line recognition.
ks_byte_lm — SpaceByte (HNM)
Byte-level SpaceByte-style causal language model trained from scratch on a Kashmiri pretraining corpus; Transformers-compatible release (trust_remote_code).
KS-LIT-3M: A Curated Kashmiri Text Dataset for LLM Pretraining
Introduces a 3.1-million-word curated Kashmiri text dataset designed for pretraining LLMs. Addresses the scarcity of high-quality Kashmiri training data with CC-BY-4.0 licensing.
KTTS Single Speaker Dataset (Kashmiri TTS)
Structured redistribution of the KTTS single-speaker corpus: 2,984 recordings by one male native speaker at 48 kHz with aligned Perso-Arabic transcriptions, for training and evaluating TTS.
LatentMT-2.6B English→Kashmiri (Devanagari)
LatentMT LoRA adapter for English→Kashmiri in Devanagari script (kas_Deva), from the same latent-reasoning MT paper.
LatentMT-2.6B English→Kashmiri (Perso-Arabic)
LoRA adapter for English→Kashmiri (Perso-Arabic) from the paper 'LatentMT: Machine Translation with Latent Reasoning', which spends extra recurrent steps in hidden states instead of generated chain-of-thought.
Matcha-TTS Kashmiri — Gaash Lab
A Kashmiri text-to-speech model based on Matcha-TTS, from Gaash Lab, NIT Srinagar.
Multilingual OCR for Cursive Scripts Using Swin Transformers
Handwritten-text recognition with Swin Transformers for cursive scripts, including Kashmiri.
OpenLID-v3
Training data for high-coverage language identification: 194 language varieties plus a not-a-language class, with labels compatible with FLORES+. Includes Kashmiri.
Param-2 17B (BharatGen)
Hybrid mixture-of-experts LLM pretrained from scratch with a focus on Indian languages; supports English, Hindi and 21 more Indian languages including Kashmiri. Released as an early post-training checkpoint.
SampurNER Kashmiri (IndicBERTv2)
A named-entity recognition model for Kashmiri built on IndicBERTv2.
Sarvam Indic OCR Bench
OCR benchmark of 6,909 curated text blocks from real document pages (19th century to present: textbooks, newspapers, magazines) in the 22 scheduled languages plus English, including Kashmiri.
Sarvam Kashmiri (fine-tuned) — Gaash Lab
A Sarvam language model fine-tuned for Kashmiri by Gaash Lab, NIT Srinagar.
Sarvam Saaras — Kashmiri Speech Recognition
Commercial speech-recognition API from Sarvam AI that lists Kashmiri (ks-IN) among its languages.
Sincerox — English→Kashmiri (KATHE 2026)
QLoRA adapter on Sarvam-Translate (Gemma 3 4B) for English→Kashmiri (kas_Arab), built for the KATHE 2026 shared task; code and methodology on GitHub.
SynthOCR-Gen: A Synthetic OCR Dataset Generator for Low-Resource Languages
The generation framework behind Koshur Pixel. Produces synthetic OCR training data for low-resource scripts, breaking the annotation bottleneck that blocks OCR development for languages without large labelled document collections.
Task-Lens: Cross-Task Utility Based Speech Dataset Profiling for Low-Resource Indian Languages
Profiles 50 Indian speech datasets in 26 languages for nine speech tasks. Kashmiri has about 170–180 hours across four datasets and is among the languages the authors say urgently need more data (under 400 hours).
The Grierson Kashmiri Dictionary (digitised)
A digitised version of George Grierson's historical Kashmiri dictionary, released by HNM. Access requires the author's approval.
UD Kashmiri-Zaan Treebank
A Kashmiri treebank being added to Universal Dependencies, with manual lemmas, part-of-speech tags, features and dependency relations, announced for UD v2.19 (November 2026). CC BY-SA 4.0.
Wikilangs — Kashmiri models
Tokenizers, n-gram models, Markov chains, vocabulary statistics and word embeddings trained on Kashmiri Wikipedia, with an evaluation report.
Yemberzal TTS — Kashmiri
Kashmiri text-to-speech from kenpath/svara-tts-v1 (Llama-3.2-3B with SNAC audio tokens), trained on IndicVoices-R then RASA. The card reports 37.6% WER from an ASR transcriber whose floor on real speech is 36.5%.
Dataset Creation & Benchmarking for Kashmiri News Snippet Classification
First manually labeled corpus of 15,036 Kashmiri news snippets across 10 domains. Benchmarks ParsBERT (F1=0.98), IndicBERTv2+GRU, BLOOM-560m, and Flan-T5 in zero-shot settings.
Deep Neural Architectures for Kashmiri-English Machine Translation
Introduces the first comprehensive NMT benchmark for Kashmiri with a 270K parallel corpus. Compares Encoder-Decoder, Attention-Enhanced, and Transformer architectures. Achieves BLEU-4 of 0.2965.
Kashmiri News Snippet Classification Dataset (15K)
15,036 manually labelled Kashmiri news snippets across ten domains: Medical, Politics, Sports, Tourism, Education, Art & Craft, Environment, Entertainment, Technology and Culture. The first labelled Kashmiri text classification dataset.
KS-LIT-3M — 3.1 Million Word Pretraining Dataset
Meticulously cleaned 3.1-million-word (16.4M characters) Kashmiri text corpus specifically designed for pretraining LLMs from scratch. The largest open Kashmiri text resource.
Word Sense Disambiguation Corpus for Kashmiri
The first standard WSD dataset for Kashmiri: a sense-annotated corpus covering 124 commonly used ambiguous Kashmiri words, drawn from a raw corpus of roughly 1 million tokens. Establishes the baseline resource for Kashmiri word sense disambiguation.
A Wav2Vec2 Model-Based Automatic Speech Recognition System for Low-Resource Kashmiri Language
Journal paper on a Wav2Vec2-based speech recognition system for Kashmiri.
Bhaasha, Bhāṣā, Zaban: A Survey for Low-Resourced Languages in South Asia
Survey of NLP for 650+ South Asian languages since 2020, covering data, models and tasks. Situates Kashmiri within the broader regional resource landscape and maps where the gaps remain.
ChiKhaPo — Lexical Benchmark
Benchmark of four word-level comprehension and generation tasks for LLMs across 2,700+ languages, built on PanLex, GATITOS and IDS lexicons. Includes English–Kashmiri pairs.
COILD × AIKosh Domain Corpora (Hindi→Kashmiri)
Hindi→Indian-language parallel sets in eight domains (agriculture, education, governance, health, judiciary, tourism, climate, science and technology), each with a Hindi–Kashmiri folder; the v2 releases are source-reviewed by native speakers.
COMTAIL — MT Human Ratings
Large set of human quality ratings for machine translation in 13 Indian languages and 21 directions, including English→Kashmiri, released to train and test MT metrics.
CorIL Parallel Corpus (Hindi↔Kashmiri)
Bidirectional parallel data for 11 Indian language pairs pivoting on Hindi, including Hindi–Kashmiri, across governance, health and general domains. Data release of the CorIL paper.
CorIL: Enriching Indian Language to Indian Language Parallel Corpora and MT Systems
Builds Indic-to-Indic parallel corpora and translation systems across Indian languages including Kashmiri. Notes that Kashmiri and Sindhi consistently yield the lowest scores even within the Indic family, quantifying how far behind the low-resource tail sits.
DCAD-2000
Multilingual pretraining corpus covering 2,000+ languages, cleaned by treating noise as anomaly detection (NeurIPS 2025 Datasets & Benchmarks). Includes Kashmiri (kas_Arab) files; licence inherits from its sources.
Emotion Recognition in Kashmiri Speech Using Bidirectional LSTM Networks
Evaluates coefficient-based acoustic features with bidirectional LSTM networks for recognising emotion in Kashmiri speech — one of the few affective-computing studies targeting the language.
Enhancing Low-Resource Indian Language MT Using LLMs with Preference Optimization
RL-inspired framework using Direct Preference Optimization and Hypergeometric-Gamma Reward with mT5-Large model. Covers Kashmiri, Konkani, and Dogri translation.
EnsembleSenti-Kash: Stacked Ensemble for Kashmiri Sentiment Classification
A stacked ensemble learning system for Kashmiri sentiment analysis with manually labeled data. Compares SVM, Random Forest, XGBoost, mBERT, and LSTM architectures.
Handwritten Kashmiri Text Dataset
Images of handwritten Kashmiri text (about 236 MB) shared on Kaggle for handwriting recognition. Non-commercial licence.
HPLT 3.0 — Kashmiri subsets
Third release of HPLT's web-crawled monolingual collection (Internet Archive and Common Crawl) in 198 languages, with more data, annotations and metadata than v2. Files are served from HPLT's own servers.
ILID — Indian Language Identification
250,000 sentences in English and the 22 scheduled Indian languages (10,000 Kashmiri) for training and evaluating native-script language identification.
Indic Parler-TTS
Multilingual text-to-speech model covering Indian languages with reported support for Kashmiri. Provides a general-purpose TTS baseline that Kashmiri-specific systems such as Bolbosh are measured against.
Kashmiri Audio Corpus (Segmented)
1,955 segmented speech samples (16kHz, 16-bit, mono WAV) derived from OpenSLR-122. Ready-to-use format for ASR training pipelines.
Kashmiri BERT (kashmiri-llm-bert-base)
BERT-base model trained specifically for the Kashmiri language. Useful for downstream tasks like text classification, NER, and feature extraction.
Kashmiri Text Corpus Cleaned (2025)
Cleaned and processed Kashmiri text dataset designed for linguistic research and model training. Preprocessed and deduplicated for quality.
Kashmiri Word Sense Disambiguation Corpus
The first standard sense-annotated WSD corpus for Kashmiri, covering 124 commonly used ambiguous words drawn from a ~1M-token raw corpus.
KashViT — Kashmiri Word OCR
Two Vision Transformer models for recognising single Kashmiri words, with training, evaluation and inference scripts and a small web app to compare them.
MVL-SIB
Vision-language extension of SIB-200: image–sentence pairs across 205 languages and 7 topics for testing cross-modal topic matching.
Omnilingual ASR Corpus
Spontaneous speech recordings with transcriptions in 348 under-served languages, collected for Meta's Omnilingual ASR project. Includes Kashmiri (kas_Arab) train, dev and test splits.
Rasa — Expressive TTS
Expressive multilingual text-to-speech dataset for Indian languages, targeting at least 20 hours per speaker with a female and a male voice per language. Kashmiri is included. Funded by Bhashini (MeitY).
Sarvam-Translate
Document-level translation model for the 22 official Indian languages including Kashmiri, built on Gemma3-4B-IT, designed for long inputs and varied content formats.
SMOL — SmolSent (Kashmiri)
Google's small professionally translated parallel set covering many low-resource languages; the Kashmiri part has 863 sentences. Independent of the other public Kashmiri corpora.
UrduSpeech — Urdu & Kashmiri Speech Corpus
Multi-style, professionally recorded speech corpus covering Urdu and Kashmiri, designed for both text-to-speech and automatic speech recognition.
YODAS2-Sidon
Version of the YouTube-derived YODAS-2 corpus cleaned with the Sidon speech-restoration model for speech synthesis and spoken language modelling. Has a Kashmiri subset.
Kashmiri-English Dataset 270K
Largest open Kashmiri-English parallel corpus with ~270,000 sentence pairs built from digitized literary texts, manually authored dialogues, and filtered legacy data. Foundation of the first NMT benchmark for Kashmiri.
40K Kashmiri Text-Image Dataset (OCR)
About 40,000 Kashmiri text images paired with their transcriptions, for training and testing OCR models. Released by HNM; the related 600K-KS-OCR corpus is described in its own paper.
A Breadth-First Catalog of Text, Speech and Multimodal Research in South Asian Languages
Wide catalogue of text, speech and multimodal research across South Asian languages, useful for locating where Kashmiri work sits relative to neighbouring languages and which task areas remain untouched.
Addressing the Data Gap: Building a Parallel Corpus for Kashmiri
Documents the construction of a Kashmiri parallel corpus and the practical obstacles — script normalisation, source scarcity, alignment quality — that make corpus building for Kashmiri harder than for better-resourced Indic languages.
BhashaVerse: Translation Ecosystem for Indian Subcontinent Languages
A translation ecosystem spanning 36 Indian subcontinent languages including Kashmiri, covering model training, evaluation and deployment across scripts and resource levels.
English-Kashmiri MT System for the Tourism Domain
Domain-specific MT system for tourism using Encoder-Decoder architectures. Addresses challenges of Kashmiri language in practical tourism applications.
FineWeb-2 — Kashmiri subsets
Hugging Face's multilingual web pretraining corpus, with Kashmiri subsets in Perso-Arabic, Devanagari and Latin script. Language identification uses GlotLID.
FLORES+
Actively maintained successor to FLORES-200, now managed by OLDI: an MT evaluation benchmark of translations from English into 200+ language varieties, including Kashmiri in Perso-Arabic and Devanagari script.
GlotCC-V1
Document-level CommonCrawl corpus for 1,000+ languages built with the GlotLID language identifier and the Ungoliant pipeline. Has a small Kashmiri (kas-Arab) subset.
Goldfish — Kashmiri (Devanagari)
Small monolingual language model for Kashmiri in Devanagari script, trained on 6 MB of text, from the Goldfish suite of monolingual models for 350 languages.
HPLT 2.0 — Kashmiri subsets
The HPLT project's cleaned web corpus, with Kashmiri subsets in Perso-Arabic (949 documents) and Devanagari (106 documents) script.
IITB-IndicMonoDoc
Document-level monolingual corpora spanning 22 Indian languages including Kashmiri. Useful for pretraining and for document-level rather than sentence-level modelling.
IndicVoices — Kashmiri
AI4Bharat's natural and spontaneous speech corpus for 22 Indian languages (23.7K hours in total), with a Kashmiri split for speech recognition.
IndicVoices-R — Kashmiri
Speech-synthesis-oriented release derived from IndicVoices, with a Kashmiri split of mostly spontaneous recordings.
Kashmiri Language Corpus (nawabhussain)
About 57,000 rows (roughly 60,000 sentences) of Kashmiri text collected from the mzmmoazam/kashmiri_dataset sources, packaged on Hugging Face.
Kashmiri Language Text Dataset (injilashah)
A small collection of Kashmiri words, phonemes and meanings.
Kashmiri Multilingual Dictionary
Multilingual dictionary dataset with entries in English, Kashmiri, Urdu, Chinese, and Turkish — including example sentences for cross-lingual research.
Kashmiri Poet Dataset — Shruks
1,552 Kashmiri shruks (8,283 lines, about 36K words), offered for classification, generation and translation experiments. Access is granted on request.
Kashmiri Text Corpus (HNM)
A 15 MB plain-text Kashmiri corpus of about 1.69 million words (57K unique), released with a character and word statistics report. Access is granted on request.
Kashmiri TTS Dataset (HNM)
Kashmiri speech with transcripts prepared for text-to-speech training.
Kashmiri-English Parallel Corpus (30K)
30,000+ Kashmiri→English sentence pairs organized into raw, cleaned, and processed directories. A widely-used open parallel corpus for Kashmiri MT research.
Kashmiri-English Parallel Corpus 49K (HNM)
About 49,000 Kashmiri-English sentence pairs released by HNM (Haq Nawaz Malik). Access requires the author's approval; no accompanying paper found yet.
Kashur GPT v1 (HNM)
Small decoder-only transformer for generating Kashmiri text continuations from prompts, with a live demo on Spaces. Not intended for production use without further evaluation.
Kashur Tesseract Training Data (HNM)
Kashmiri language data for training Tesseract OCR, with about 10K ground-truth training files (.tif, .box, .txt).
Kāśir Lug̲h̲at — Shafi Shauq (searchable)
Searchable Kashmiri–Kashmiri dictionary hosted by Digital Dictionaries of South Asia (University of Chicago). Copyrighted: for lookup, not for reuse as data.
MaLA Bilingual Translation Corpus (Kashmiri pairs)
Massively multilingual bitext with Kashmiri paired with many languages, including English, in Perso-Arabic and Devanagari script. Mostly mined from the web, so quality is uneven; filter before use.
MMS ulab v2
8,900 hours of unlabelled speech in 4,023 languages for language identification, spoken language modelling and representation learning; a reproduced and extended MMS ulab.
MURI-IT
2.2M instruction–output pairs across 200 languages built with multilingual reverse instructions: outputs are human-written native text, and the instructions are generated for them. Includes a small Kashmiri portion.
Naïve Bayes Classifier for Kashmiri Word Sense Disambiguation
Applies a Naïve Bayes classifier to Kashmiri word sense disambiguation on the authors' sense-annotated corpus.
OLDI-Seed (NLLB-Seed)
6,193 English Wikipedia sentences professionally translated into 44 languages including Kashmiri, meant to kick-start MT for directions without large datasets. Maintained update of NLLB-Seed.
PanLex Meanings
Words and phrases in several thousand languages extracted from the PanLex database, arranged per language so any two can be joined into a bilingual dictionary. Includes Kashmiri.
Sangraha — Kashmiri subset
AI4Bharat's large pretraining corpus for Indian languages; the 'verified' Kashmiri subset is about 0.8 MB.
SIB-200 — Topic Classification (Kashmiri)
Topic-classification benchmark for 200+ languages built on FLORES-200 sentences, with Kashmiri in both Perso-Arabic and Devanagari script (1,004 sentences each: 701 train, 99 dev, 204 test).
Spoken Kashmiri Recognition Using Hybrid CNN-gMLP
Hybrid CNN-gMLP model for spoken Kashmiri word recognition. Addresses phonetic diversity and dialectal variations with data augmentation strategies.
IndicTrans2 (En→Indic 1B)
State-of-the-art multilingual NMT model supporting 22 scheduled Indian languages including Kashmiri. Uses script unification for cross-lingual transfer. The top-performing model for Indian MT.
BPCC — Bharat Parallel Corpus Collection (Kashmiri)
AI4Bharat's parallel corpus for 22 Indian languages and the training data of IndicTrans2. The Kashmiri (Perso-Arabic) part has several subsets: seed-latest (98,929 pairs), seed-v2 (88,381), wiki/seed-v1 (15,512), daily (4,311), nllb_seed (6,193) and nllb_filtered (124,917).
Building Kashmiri Sense Annotated Corpus and its Usage in Supervised Word Sense Disambiguation
A sense-annotated Kashmiri corpus for lexical-sample word sense disambiguation, with Kashmiri WordNet senses, used to train and compare supervised classifiers.
GlotLID — Language Identification
An open language identifier for 1,600+ languages, including Kashmiri in Perso-Arabic, Devanagari and Latin script. FineWeb-2 uses it to decide which web pages are Kashmiri.
IN22 Benchmark (IndicTrans2)
India-specific multi-domain evaluation benchmark (IN22-Gen + IN22-Conv) for 22 scheduled Indian languages. The standard for evaluating Indian MT models.
Indian Kashmiri Speech Recognition Corpus (Mobile)
Commercial ASR corpus: 115.34 hours of Kashmiri speech from 218 speakers (102 male, 116 female) across 77,255 utterances recorded in quiet environments. The largest Kashmiri speech collection known, though it is licensed rather than open.
IndicLID — Language Identification for Indian Languages
Language identifier for Indian languages that recognises Kashmiri in Perso-Arabic (kas_Arab), Devanagari (kas_Deva) and Latin (kas_Latn) script.
IndicTrans2 (En→Indic, distilled 200M)
Distilled 200M English→Indic IndicTrans2 model covering the 22 scheduled languages including Kashmiri.
IndicTrans2 (Indic→En 1B)
Reverse-direction model of IndicTrans2 for translating from Indian languages (including Kashmiri) to English. Essential for bidirectional MT research.
IndicTrans2 (Indic→En, distilled 200M)
The distilled 200M-parameter version of IndicTrans2 for Indian languages into English, including Kashmiri.
IndicTrans2 (Indic→Indic 1B)
IndicTrans2 Indic→Indic 1B model, built by stitching the Indic→En and En→Indic 1B models, for direct translation between Indian languages including Kashmiri.
IndicTrans2 (Indic→Indic, distilled 320M)
Distilled 320M Indic→Indic IndicTrans2 model, stitched from the distilled 200M Indic→En and En→Indic models.
Kashmir-ASR
Open-source project for automatic speech recognition of the Kashmiri language, providing code and pipeline scaffolding for building Kashmiri ASR systems.
Machine Intelligence for Language Translation: Kashmiri to English
Foundational Kashmiri-to-English MT system using LSTM architecture. Discusses challenges of Perso-Arabic script morphology and limited digital resources.
MADLAD-400-10B-MT
Largest MADLAD-400 translation model (10B, T5 architecture) covering 450+ languages, including Kashmiri.
MADLAD-400-3B-MT
T5-based multilingual MT model trained on 1 trillion tokens of public data covering 450+ languages, including Kashmiri.
MADLAD-400-7B-MT
7B-parameter MADLAD-400 translation model (T5 architecture) covering 450+ languages, including Kashmiri.
Microsoft Translator — Kashmiri
Commercial text-translation service that lists Kashmiri (ks) among its supported languages.
NLLB-MoE 54B
The 54B-parameter mixture-of-experts NLLB model from 'No Language Left Behind', covering 200 languages including Kashmiri.
POS Tagging for Kashmiri Using Conditional Random Fields
Develops POS taggers using CRF models achieving 80-94% accuracy. Proposes hierarchical tagsets for Kashmiri's V2 word order and inflectional complexity.
Tarjama: The Kashmiri Translator
Proposes a translator system based on ML algorithms and parallel corpora to bridge communication gaps for Kashmiri speakers in digital spaces.
Aksharantar
Large transliteration dataset for 20 Indic languages: 26M Indic–English word pairs, with a Kashmiri subset.
FLORES-200 Benchmark
Multilingual MT evaluation benchmark covering 200+ languages including Kashmiri. Human-translated sentences from Wikipedia for standardized evaluation.
IndicXlit — Transliteration for 21 Indic Languages
Transliteration models between Roman and native scripts for 21 Indic languages, including Kashmiri.
IndoWordNet Word Lists
Unique word lists drawn from the IndoWordNet knowledge base, one file per language, including Kashmiri.
Natural Language Processing Resources for the Kashmiri Language
Survey of the Kashmiri NLP resource landscape — dictionaries, WordNet, the EMILLE monolingual corpus, parallel corpora (NLLB-200, BPCC), spell checkers and speech tools. A useful map of what existed before the 2025–2026 wave.
NLLB-200 (3.3B Full)
Full-size NLLB model with 3.3B parameters. Highest quality translation for 200+ languages including Kashmiri. Research-grade multilingual translation.
NLLB-200 1.3B
Non-distilled 1.3B-parameter NLLB-200 translation checkpoint covering 200 languages including Kashmiri (both scripts).
NLLB-200 Distilled 1.3B
Meta's 1.3B-parameter distilled NLLB-200 translation model, supporting Kashmiri in Perso-Arabic and Devanagari script.
NLLB-200 Distilled 600M
No Language Left Behind — supports 200+ languages including Kashmiri (kas_Arab). Designed for high-quality low-resource translation with distilled efficiency.
CIIL / LDC-IL Kashmiri Text & Speech Corpora
Government-funded raw text and speech corpora released for Kashmiri alongside Assamese, Dogri, Gujarati, Odia and Tamil, built under India's national language-resource programme.
AI4Bharat
The most significant producer of open Indic language technology. Behind IndicTrans2, the BPCC corpora, IndicBERT, IndicConformer ASR and Indic Parler-TTS — most of the general-purpose models that currently support Kashmiri at all.
Kashmiri Raw Speech Corpus (LDC-IL)
Natural raw speech corpus for Kashmiri covering multiple dialects, age groups and both genders. Speech was collected across the Valley from Pulwama, Srinagar and Anantnag, comprising words, sentences and running text.
Developing a Morphological Analyser/Generator for Kashmiri
Paradigm-based morphological analyser and generator for Kashmiri, with separate paradigms constructed for nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs covering their possible inflections.
Kashmiri Speech Recognition Using Linear Predictive Coding and Neural Networks
Early Kashmiri ASR work recognising isolated spoken digits zero to nine across male and female speakers, using LPC feature extraction and artificial neural networks. Reports 92% accuracy on 350 speech samples.
Kashmiri Parsing Pipeline (IIIT Hyderabad)
A POS tagger, chunker and intra-chunk dependency parser for Kashmiri, shipped with a portion of the Kashmiri dependency treebank.
Towards Building a Kashmiri Treebank: Setting up the Annotation Pipeline
First Kashmiri dependency treebank: 1,000 sentences (17,462 tokens) annotated with part-of-speech, chunk and dependency information, plus the first freely available dependency parsing pipeline for Kashmiri.
EMILLE / CIIL Corpus — Kashmiri Monolingual
One of the earliest digital Kashmiri monolingual corpora, built by the EMILLE project as part of a wider effort covering South Asian languages. Historically important as a starting point for Kashmiri corpus linguistics.
LDC-IL — Linguistic Data Consortium for Indian Languages
India's national repository for language-technology resources, established in 2003 and fully government-funded. Distributes Kashmiri text and speech corpora.
CFILT — Center for Indian Language Technology, IIT Bombay
Coordinates IndoWordNet, the linked lexical knowledge base covering 18 scheduled Indian languages. Kashmiri WordNet with its 29,466 synsets was built and linked here.
TDIL Data Centre
India's national programme for building linguistic resources and language technology across scheduled languages, running since 1991. The distribution point for many government-funded Kashmiri resources.
Department of Linguistics, University of Kashmir
The primary academic home of Kashmiri linguistic research. Runs the 'Development of Language Tools and Linguistic Resources for Kashmiri' project, and produced the Kashmiri POS tagset, morphological analyser and WordNet work.
NIT Srinagar — Language & Systems Research
Engineering research base in the Valley. Contributed the Bolbosh Kashmiri TTS system in collaboration with the University of Kashmir, currently the strongest Kashmiri speech synthesis result.
A Dictionary of the Kashmiri Language — Grierson (searchable)
Grierson's Kashmiri dictionary as a searchable online edition from Digital Dictionaries of South Asia (University of Chicago).
IndicConformer ASR — Kashmiri
Conformer-Large (120M params) ASR model with hybrid CTC-RNNT decoder specifically for Kashmiri speech. Requires 16kHz mono WAV input. Uses AI4Bharat NeMo framework.
Kashmir AI Research — Evaluation Platform
Blinded human evaluation of Kashmiri MT: native speakers score translations (adequacy, fluency, preference) and mark error spans. The current study runs at kashmirairesearch.online/consent.
Kashmir AI Research Parallel Corpus
A 124,102-pair Kashmiri–English training corpus aggregated from AI4Bharat BPCC and the SMUQamar corpus, deduplicated and filtered on length and script. The sentence pairs are the work of their original authors; the aggregation, filtering and split are ours. Not redistributed.
Apertium — Rule-Based MT Platform
Open-source rule-based MT platform. Potential for building Kashmiri morphological analyzers and translation modules using paradigm-based approach.
Bhasini — National Language Translation Mission
Official Indian government AI platform with Kashmiri translation, ASR, and TTS APIs. Free to use for developers. Includes models for all 22 scheduled languages.
Bhasini / ULCA Portal
Official Government of India platform for Indian language datasets and models under the National Language Translation Mission. Central repository for Kashmiri digital resources.
BLOOM-560M
Open multilingual LLM pretrained on ROOTS corpus (incl. Persian/Urdu). Used for zero-shot Kashmiri text classification. Effective for cross-lingual transfer to Kashmiri.
IndicBARTSS
Indic-focused variant of mBART, specifically designed for Indian language generation and translation tasks including Kashmiri. Optimized for Indic script families.
IndicBERTv2 (ai4bharat)
Multilingual BERT model pretrained on Indian languages including Kashmiri. Used as embedding backbone in news classification benchmarks (F1=0.98 with GRU).
IndicNLP Catalog (incl. NLLB-Seed)
Comprehensive catalog of NLP resources for Indian languages including Kashmiri. Tracks datasets like NLLB-Seed parallel data and connects to FLORES-200 benchmarks.
Kashmiri Data Corpus (OpenSLR-122)
Transcribed audio recordings from native Kashmiri speakers for Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) development. The foundational Kashmiri speech dataset. GPL-3.0 licensed.
Kashmiri Sample Text Recognition (OCR)
5,000 samples of Kashmiri text images paired with text labels for OCR model training and testing.
Kashmiri Spoken Words Dataset
Processed audio data of 12 frequently spoken Kashmiri words. Designed for spoken word recognition and voice command research.
Kashmiri Text Dataset Collection
Data and tools to collect Kashmiri text from various online sources and dictionaries. Includes word pronunciations, PDFs, HTML files, and CSV data.
Kashmiri Text Generation — Llama3 8B Instruct
Fine-tuned Llama 3 8B model for Kashmiri question answering and English→Kashmiri translation. Research-grade prototype for Kashmiri text generation.
Kashmiri Wikipedia
The Kashmiri-language Wikipedia (ks.wikipedia.org): encyclopaedic Kashmiri text in Perso-Arabic script, about 43,500 sentences in our 2026 extract.
Kashmiri WordNet
Lexical database organizing Kashmiri words into synsets with semantic relationships. Essential resource for WSD, morphological analysis, and NLP preprocessing.
KashmiriGPT — AI Language Assistant
AI-powered Kashmiri language assistant accepting Roman and Perso-Arabic input. Provides responses in Kashmiri script, Roman transliteration, and English for cultural preservation.
kashurai — Kashmiri Dataset Collection
Curated community collection grouping Kashmiri-specific LLMs, text datasets, and ASR models in one browsable hub. Great starting point for discovery.
Keyman Kashmiri Phonetic Keyboard
Free phonetic keyboard layout for typing Kashmiri on desktop, mobile and the web; Keyman also offers other Kashmiri layouts.
kscp — Kashmiri Speech Corpus Processing
Tools for processing audio and text data from OpenSLR Kashmiri Data Corpus. Includes preprocessing pipelines, data loaders, and segmentation utilities.
mBART-large-50
Multilingual sequence-to-sequence model pretrained with a denoising objective on 50 languages. Kashmiri is not among them: using it for Kashmiri means borrowing another language code (for example Urdu) and fine-tuning.
sacreBLEU — MT Evaluation Toolkit
Standardized MT evaluation toolkit used in all Kashmiri NMT papers. Recommended for reproducible BLEU, ChrF++, and TER scoring on Kashmiri translation output.
XLS-R 300M (Wav2Vec2)
Self-supervised speech model pretrained on 436K hours of audio in 128 languages. Fine-tunable for Kashmiri ASR tasks with limited labeled data.
Something missing?
This hub is only useful if it stays current. If you have built a Kashmiri dataset, model, tool, or published a paper — or you know of one that is not listed — send it over. Submissions are reviewed before they appear.
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